Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market Size
The Global Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market size was USD 4.12 billion in 2024 and is projected to touch USD 4.31 billion in 2025, USD 4.5 billion in 2026, and reach USD 6.37 billion by 2034, exhibiting a growth rate of 4.44% during the forecast period 2025-2034. With 38% of demand from paints and coatings, 22% from cleaning and degreasing, and 14% from adhesives, the market is significantly influenced by construction and automotive expansion, alongside shifting focus towards eco-friendly formulations which already account for over 40% of production.
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The US Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market is witnessing strong growth due to its industrial base and high consumption across paints, coatings, and adhesives. Around 27% of the region’s demand is linked to the construction industry, 25% comes from automotive refinishing, and 18% from industrial cleaning. With more than 32% of manufacturers introducing low-VOC products, the US continues to represent one of the most dynamic growth contributors in the global market, emphasizing innovation and sustainability.
Key Findings
- Market Size: The market was USD 4.12 billion in 2024, USD 4.31 billion in 2025, reaching USD 6.37 billion by 2034 with 4.44% growth.
- Growth Drivers: 38% demand from paints and coatings, 27% from automotive, 22% from cleaning, 14% from adhesives, and 18% from industrial use.
- Trends: 40% low-VOC adoption, 36% eco-friendly product launches, 32% manufacturing upgrades, 25% consumer-driven demand, and 28% sustainable coatings integration.
- Key Players: Exxon Mobil, Shell, Phillips 66 Company, SK global chemical, Recochem & more.
- Regional Insights: Asia-Pacific leads with 45% market share driven by construction and automotive demand, North America holds 27% supported by coatings and cleaning, Europe contributes 20% with sustainable solvent adoption, while Middle East & Africa represent 8% through petrochemical and industrial applications, completing the global distribution at 100%.
- Challenges: 38% raw material cost fluctuations, 40% regulatory hurdles, 25% compliance struggles, 18% supply disruption, 22% operational challenges.
- Industry Impact: 33% eco-shift, 28% industrial upgrades, 24% distribution expansion, 18% margin pressure, 21% technology-driven changes.
- Recent Developments: 35% green product launches, 32% expansions, 28% partnerships, 18% regional distribution boosts, 22% advanced cleaning product innovations.
The Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market continues to expand steadily with wide applications across multiple industrial segments. More than 45% of growth is influenced by Asia-Pacific’s construction and automotive industries, while North America holds 27% share due to housing and refinishing demand. Europe maintains 20% share, largely supported by eco-friendly initiatives, and Middle East & Africa contribute 8% with industrial and petrochemical usage. Rising adoption of sustainable and low-VOC solutions, combined with technological advancements and diversified applications, make this market highly competitive and innovation-driven.
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market Trends
The Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market is witnessing strong adoption across multiple industrial sectors due to their role in coatings, adhesives, paints, and cleaning applications. Industrial coatings account for nearly 35% of the total market demand, while the automotive sector contributes over 25% share due to increasing vehicle refinishing and repair activities. The construction sector represents close to 20% of the consumption, driven by infrastructure expansion and housing projects. Additionally, demand from adhesives and sealants applications covers around 10% of the market, while other specialty uses including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals contribute 10%. Geographically, Asia Pacific dominates with over 45% share, followed by North America at 28%, and Europe at nearly 22%. The Middle East & Africa together with Latin America contribute approximately 5% share. Environment-friendly product demand is also growing, with over 40% of users shifting towards low-VOC formulations. Nearly 32% of paint manufacturers report increased reliance on aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents and thinners, while 18% of chemical formulators are diversifying usage into advanced applications. These figures highlight the expanding industrial penetration and the importance of aliphatic solvents and thinners in meeting modern manufacturing requirements.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market Dynamics
Growth in eco-friendly solvent adoption
Over 42% of manufacturers are investing in eco-friendly aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents as environmental compliance becomes a priority. Around 36% of end-users are shifting towards formulations with reduced toxicity and nearly 18% of new product launches emphasize low-VOC content. This trend opens wide opportunities for companies innovating sustainable solvent solutions.
Rising demand from automotive and construction industries
Approximately 27% of solvent consumption comes from the automotive refinishing sector, while nearly 23% demand is driven by the construction industry. Paints and coatings linked to urban infrastructure contribute nearly 20%, and adhesive applications cover 12%. This continuous industrial growth is a major driver for the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents and thinners market.
RESTRAINTS
"Stringent environmental regulations"
Nearly 40% of manufacturers face compliance challenges due to emission restrictions, while about 25% of small-scale producers report difficulties adapting to green-solvent standards. Additionally, 18% of production facilities have had to restructure operations due to higher regulatory costs, slowing down supply expansion. These restraints hinder seamless growth within the sector.
CHALLENGE
"Rising raw material costs"
Fluctuating petroleum prices directly affect aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, with over 38% of producers citing increased input costs as a challenge. Around 21% of distributors highlight supply chain disruptions impacting availability, while nearly 17% of buyers report reduced profit margins. This volatility continues to pose significant challenges for consistent market performance.
Segmentation Analysis
The Global Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market reached USD 4.12 Billion in 2024 and is projected to touch USD 4.31 Billion in 2025, further expanding to USD 6.37 Billion by 2034, showcasing a CAGR of 4.44% between 2025-2034. By type, varnish makers & paints account for the largest share, followed by mineral spirits, hexane, heptane, and other subtypes. Each category contributes uniquely to market development, with increasing adoption in paints, coatings, adhesives, degreasing, and specialty chemicals. On the application side, paints & coatings dominate the consumption pattern, while cleaning & degreasing, adhesives, aerosols, rubber & polymer, printing inks, and other uses continue to expand steadily. Market dynamics across both types and applications are shaped by industrial demand, regulatory frameworks, and product innovations, with each sub-segment contributing to revenue expansion and CAGR projections. This segmentation highlights growth potential across industries, indicating balanced development across regions and industrial verticals.
By Type
Varnish Makers & Paints
The varnish makers & paints segment leads due to its extensive usage in coatings, automotive paints, and construction finishes. With over 34% share of the total demand, this category is the largest contributor to the global aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents and thinners market.
Varnish Makers & Paints held the largest share in the market, accounting for USD 1.46 Billion in 2025, representing 34% of the total market. This segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.6% from 2025 to 2034, driven by rising infrastructure activities, demand for decorative coatings, and industrial refinishing.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Varnish Makers & Paints Segment
- China led the Varnish Makers & Paints segment with a market size of USD 0.38 Billion in 2025, holding a 26% share and expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% due to strong construction and automotive growth.
- United States held USD 0.31 Billion in 2025 with a 21% share and a CAGR of 4.4%, driven by residential housing demand and industrial coatings.
- India registered USD 0.25 Billion in 2025 with a 17% share, projected to expand at 4.9% CAGR, supported by infrastructure investments and manufacturing expansion.
Mineral Spirits
Mineral spirits are widely used in cleaning, degreasing, and as a thinner in coatings, accounting for around 28% of overall demand. Their versatility and affordability drive steady adoption across automotive and construction sectors.
Mineral Spirits held a market size of USD 1.20 Billion in 2025, representing 28% of the global share. This segment is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2025 to 2034, supported by growing demand in cleaning and industrial maintenance applications.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Mineral Spirits Segment
- United States led with USD 0.33 Billion in 2025, accounting for 27% share, growing at a CAGR of 4.1% due to strong use in cleaning and coatings.
- Germany registered USD 0.29 Billion with 24% share, expanding at 4.0% CAGR due to industrial refinishing and chemical production.
- Japan recorded USD 0.22 Billion with 18% share, set to grow at 4.3% CAGR from automotive refinishing and precision industries.
Hexane
Hexane accounts for about 16% of the market, being a preferred solvent in adhesives, coatings, and extraction processes. Its demand is growing across packaging and specialty chemicals.
Hexane held USD 0.69 Billion in 2025, representing 16% share of the total market. It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% from 2025 to 2034, driven by expanding adhesive usage and polymer processing.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Hexane Segment
- China led with USD 0.21 Billion in 2025, holding a 30% share, and expected to expand at 4.7% CAGR due to industrial and chemical manufacturing.
- India recorded USD 0.16 Billion with 23% share, growing at 4.8% CAGR, supported by adhesives and packaging industries.
- Brazil posted USD 0.11 Billion in 2025, with 16% share, and is projected at 4.4% CAGR due to rising agrochemicals demand.
Heptane
Heptane represents nearly 12% of the total market, used in rubber, polymer, and specialty applications. Its low reactivity makes it a safe choice in laboratory and industrial processes.
Heptane accounted for USD 0.52 Billion in 2025, holding 12% share. It is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 4.3% during 2025-2034, led by demand in rubber processing and polymer synthesis.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Heptane Segment
- United States led with USD 0.15 Billion in 2025, 29% share, growing at 4.2% CAGR due to widespread polymer and rubber use.
- China registered USD 0.14 Billion with 27% share, projected to grow at 4.4% CAGR from industrial demand.
- South Korea posted USD 0.09 Billion with 17% share, expanding at 4.5% CAGR due to specialty chemical production.
Others
Other solvents, including specialty aliphatic blends, hold about 10% share. These are mainly used in customized industrial applications and niche chemical processes.
Others held USD 0.43 Billion in 2025, representing 10% share of the market. This segment is expected to record a CAGR of 4.0% during 2025-2034 due to growing demand for specialty applications.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Others Segment
- Germany led with USD 0.12 Billion in 2025, 28% share, growing at 4.1% CAGR with specialty solvent demand.
- China posted USD 0.11 Billion with 26% share, set to grow at 4.2% CAGR from industrial use.
- United Kingdom accounted for USD 0.09 Billion in 2025, 21% share, expected to grow at 4.0% CAGR from chemical formulations.
By Application
Paints & Coatings
Paints & Coatings dominate with nearly 38% of the overall demand due to their usage in construction, automotive, and decorative sectors. Expansion in housing and infrastructure directly fuels this segment.
Paints & Coatings accounted for USD 1.64 Billion in 2025, representing 38% of the market. This segment is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.6% from 2025 to 2034, driven by urban development, automotive coatings, and industrial demand.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Application 1 Segment
- China led with USD 0.44 Billion in 2025, 27% share, growing at 4.8% CAGR from housing and automotive coatings.
- United States posted USD 0.36 Billion with 22% share, expanding at 4.4% CAGR from residential and commercial coatings.
- India registered USD 0.28 Billion in 2025, 17% share, rising at 4.9% CAGR from construction growth.
Cleaning & Degreasing
This segment covers 22% of market demand, widely adopted in industrial cleaning, machinery maintenance, and surface preparation.
Cleaning & Degreasing held USD 0.95 Billion in 2025, representing 22% of the market. It is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4.2%, driven by increasing industrial equipment maintenance and cleaning requirements.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Cleaning & Degreasing Segment
- United States accounted for USD 0.26 Billion in 2025, 27% share, expanding at 4.1% CAGR due to industrial cleaning demand.
- Germany recorded USD 0.22 Billion, 23% share, growing at 4.0% CAGR from machinery maintenance.
- Japan had USD 0.17 Billion, 18% share, with 4.3% CAGR growth from electronics and precision industries.
Adhesives
Adhesives consume nearly 14% of the total demand, driven by packaging, construction, and automotive sectors.
Adhesives accounted for USD 0.60 Billion in 2025, representing 14% of the market, expected to expand at a CAGR of 4.5% due to rising demand in packaging and automotive assembly.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Adhesives Segment
- China held USD 0.18 Billion in 2025, 30% share, expanding at 4.6% CAGR due to packaging demand.
- India registered USD 0.14 Billion with 23% share, growing at 4.7% CAGR from construction adhesives.
- Brazil posted USD 0.10 Billion in 2025, 17% share, expected at 4.4% CAGR from manufacturing and consumer goods.
Aerosols
Aerosols make up around 10% of demand, primarily used in spray paints, cleaning sprays, and consumer care products.
Aerosols held USD 0.43 Billion in 2025, representing 10% of the market. The segment is forecast to grow at 4.3% CAGR from 2025-2034, led by consumer goods and packaging innovations.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Aerosols Segment
- United States led with USD 0.12 Billion in 2025, 28% share, with 4.2% CAGR from consumer spray demand.
- United Kingdom posted USD 0.11 Billion, 25% share, growing at 4.1% CAGR from household sprays.
- France registered USD 0.09 Billion, 21% share, expanding at 4.2% CAGR due to cosmetics and consumer care.
Rubber & Polymer
This segment contributes 8% of demand, used in rubber processing, polymer blending, and chemical manufacturing.
Rubber & Polymer accounted for USD 0.34 Billion in 2025, representing 8% share. It is projected to grow at 4.4% CAGR during 2025-2034, driven by automotive rubber and polymer industries.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Rubber & Polymer Segment
- China led with USD 0.11 Billion in 2025, 32% share, growing at 4.5% CAGR due to strong rubber demand.
- United States held USD 0.09 Billion in 2025, 26% share, with 4.3% CAGR from polymer processing.
- South Korea posted USD 0.07 Billion in 2025, 20% share, expected to grow at 4.4% CAGR from chemical blending.
Printing Inks
Printing inks make up 5% of the total demand, applied across packaging, labeling, and publishing.
Printing Inks accounted for USD 0.22 Billion in 2025, representing 5% share. This segment is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% through 2025-2034, driven by packaging and labeling demand.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Printing Inks Segment
- India led with USD 0.06 Billion in 2025, 27% share, expected at 4.2% CAGR from packaging growth.
- China registered USD 0.05 Billion with 23% share, growing at 4.3% CAGR from printing demand.
- Germany posted USD 0.04 Billion, 18% share, projected at 4.0% CAGR from publishing industries.
Others
Other applications including niche and customized solutions account for about 3% share of the market.
Others held USD 0.13 Billion in 2025, representing 3% share, with growth projected at 3.9% CAGR during 2025-2034, led by demand from specialty chemicals.
Top 3 Major Dominant Countries in the Others Segment
- United States led with USD 0.04 Billion in 2025, 31% share, growing at 3.8% CAGR from industrial use.
- China registered USD 0.03 Billion, 23% share, expected at 4.0% CAGR from chemical demand.
- United Kingdom posted USD 0.02 Billion, 18% share, projected at 3.9% CAGR from specialized applications.
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market Regional Outlook
The Global Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market was valued at USD 4.12 Billion in 2024 and is estimated to reach USD 4.31 Billion in 2025, growing further to USD 6.37 Billion by 2034 at a CAGR of 4.44% during the forecast period. Regionally, Asia-Pacific dominates the market with 45% share, followed by North America at 27%, Europe at 20%, and the Middle East & Africa at 8%. Each region demonstrates unique growth patterns driven by industrial expansion, regulatory policies, and rising end-use demand across paints, coatings, adhesives, and specialty chemicals.
North America
North America accounts for 27% of the global market share, driven by high demand in paints, coatings, and automotive industries. The United States leads consumption, followed by Canada and Mexico, with growing adoption in industrial cleaning and polymer processing. Urbanization and infrastructure projects further increase solvent requirements across the region.
North America held a market size of USD 1.16 Billion in 2025, representing 27% of the total market. This region is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2025 to 2034, supported by construction, automotive refinishing, and industrial maintenance.
North America - Major Dominant Countries in the Market
- United States led the North America market with a size of USD 0.74 Billion in 2025, holding a 64% share and expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.3% due to strong demand in paints and automotive coatings.
- Canada held USD 0.26 Billion in 2025 with a 22% share, expected to grow at 4.1% CAGR, supported by construction and industrial usage.
- Mexico accounted for USD 0.16 Billion in 2025, representing 14% share, with 4.0% CAGR growth driven by automotive and manufacturing activities.
Europe
Europe represents 20% of the global market, with widespread application in paints, coatings, and specialty chemicals. Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are the largest contributors, with industrial coatings and construction sectors playing key roles in solvent consumption. The demand for low-VOC and eco-friendly formulations is particularly strong in this region.
Europe held a market size of USD 0.86 Billion in 2025, representing 20% share of the global market. This region is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% from 2025 to 2034, driven by industrial refinishing, housing projects, and sustainable coatings demand.
Europe - Major Dominant Countries in the Market
- Germany led with USD 0.29 Billion in 2025, holding 34% share, with 4.1% CAGR supported by industrial and automotive refinishing demand.
- France accounted for USD 0.23 Billion in 2025, 27% share, growing at 4.0% CAGR due to housing and decorative paints.
- United Kingdom held USD 0.18 Billion in 2025, 21% share, with 4.2% CAGR growth driven by construction and specialty chemicals.
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific dominates the market with 45% of the global share, driven by massive demand from China, India, and Japan. Rapid urbanization, infrastructure expansion, and strong automotive and construction sectors fuel the region’s growth. Rising adoption in adhesives, coatings, and polymers strengthens demand further across emerging economies.
Asia-Pacific held a market size of USD 1.94 Billion in 2025, representing 45% of the global share. This region is projected to expand at a CAGR of 4.8% from 2025 to 2034, led by construction projects, manufacturing, and growing consumer industries.
Asia-Pacific - Major Dominant Countries in the Market
- China led the Asia-Pacific market with USD 0.72 Billion in 2025, 37% share, expected to grow at 4.9% CAGR due to construction and automotive sectors.
- India registered USD 0.53 Billion in 2025, 27% share, with 4.8% CAGR driven by infrastructure and packaging demand.
- Japan accounted for USD 0.34 Billion in 2025, 18% share, with 4.7% CAGR supported by coatings and specialty industries.
Middle East & Africa
Middle East & Africa contributes 8% of the global market share, with rising demand from construction, petrochemicals, and automotive repair industries. Countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and South Africa are the primary drivers of solvent usage, supported by infrastructure growth and industrial applications.
Middle East & Africa held a market size of USD 0.34 Billion in 2025, accounting for 8% of the global market. This region is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 3.9% from 2025 to 2034, driven by infrastructure projects, oil-based industries, and growing chemical demand.
Middle East & Africa - Major Dominant Countries in the Market
- Saudi Arabia led the region with USD 0.13 Billion in 2025, 38% share, expected to grow at 4.0% CAGR from petrochemicals and construction activities.
- United Arab Emirates held USD 0.11 Billion in 2025, 32% share, with 3.9% CAGR growth due to industrial and housing projects.
- South Africa accounted for USD 0.07 Billion in 2025, 20% share, growing at 3.8% CAGR from automotive refinishing and industrial usage.
List of Key Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market Companies Profiled
- Ganga Rasayanie
- Aned
- Kandla Energy & Chemicals
- RB PRODUCTS
- Haltermann Carless
- Gotham Industries
- Exxon Mobil
- MK Aromatics
- Recochem
- SK global chemical
- Phillips 66 Company
- Gulf Chemicals and Industrial Oils Company
- NOCO
- W.M. Barr
- Gadiv Petrochemical Industries
- Shell
- Calumet Specialty Products Partners
Top Companies with Highest Market Share
- Exxon Mobil: accounted for 18% of the global market share with strong dominance in paints and coatings applications.
- Shell: held 15% of the global market share, driven by diversified solvent portfolios and high demand in industrial sectors.
Investment Analysis and Opportunities in Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market
Investments in the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents and thinners market are accelerating with 41% of manufacturers allocating funds towards eco-friendly and low-VOC product development. Around 36% of market players are focusing on expanding production facilities in Asia-Pacific due to high demand, while nearly 25% are targeting North America with specialized coatings and cleaning solutions. Mergers and partnerships account for 19% of strategic investments, particularly for expanding supply chains. Digital integration in manufacturing processes is being prioritized by 22% of producers, aiming for operational efficiency. With more than 33% of investors highlighting green-solvent demand as the top opportunity, the sector is well positioned for innovation-led growth.
New Products Development
New product development is emerging as a strategic focus area, with 39% of companies actively launching low-toxicity aliphatic solvent blends to cater to industrial and consumer demand. Around 28% of product innovations are targeted towards automotive refinishing and coatings, while 24% focus on adhesives and polymer applications. More than 30% of R&D spending is being directed towards enhancing biodegradability and sustainability of solvent formulations. Additionally, 18% of new developments are concentrated in aerosol and cleaning solutions, reflecting consumer-driven trends. With continuous investments, companies are driving growth by diversifying portfolios and meeting regulatory as well as industrial needs.
Recent Developments
- Exxon Mobil expansion: In 2024, Exxon Mobil increased its solvent production capacity by 12%, focusing on high-purity mineral spirits to meet rising automotive refinishing demand across Asia-Pacific and North America.
- Shell sustainability initiative: In 2024, Shell introduced eco-friendly solvent formulations, with nearly 35% lower emissions compared to conventional products, targeting the European coatings and adhesives market.
- Phillips 66 innovation: Phillips 66 launched a new aliphatic thinner product in 2024, designed for coatings, capturing 9% of additional demand within its first year of release.
- SK global chemical partnership: SK global chemical formed a strategic partnership in 2024 to distribute solvents across Asia, enhancing supply by 14% and catering to regional construction demand.
- Recochem product launch: Recochem introduced advanced cleaning solvents in 2024, holding 11% stronger penetration into the industrial cleaning segment across North America and Europe.
Report Coverage
The Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents And Thinners Market report provides comprehensive coverage of industry dynamics, highlighting opportunities, restraints, and market drivers. The report integrates SWOT analysis for better strategic understanding. Strengths include diversified applications, with over 38% demand from paints and coatings and 22% from cleaning and degreasing, reflecting market stability. Weaknesses are evident in regulatory challenges, with 40% of manufacturers facing compliance-related hurdles. Opportunities are concentrated in eco-friendly product innovations, with more than 33% of producers investing in sustainable solvents to meet consumer and regulatory demand. Threats include rising raw material costs, as nearly 38% of producers report price volatility in petroleum feedstocks impacting profitability. Regionally, Asia-Pacific dominates with 45% of market share, followed by North America at 27%, Europe at 20%, and Middle East & Africa at 8%. By type, varnish makers & paints hold 34% of the total share, mineral spirits 28%, hexane 16%, heptane 12%, and others 10%. By application, paints & coatings account for 38% of usage, cleaning & degreasing 22%, adhesives 14%, aerosols 10%, rubber & polymer 8%, printing inks 5%, and others 3%. This detailed coverage supports stakeholders in identifying growth patterns, risk factors, and competitive positioning within the global market.
| Report Coverage | Report Details |
|---|---|
|
Market Size Value in 2024 |
USD 4.12 Billion |
|
Market Size Value in 2025 |
USD 4.31 Billion |
|
Revenue Forecast in 2034 |
USD 6.37 Billion |
|
Growth Rate |
CAGR of 4.44% from 2025 to 2034 |
|
No. of Pages Covered |
100 |
|
Forecast Period Covered |
2025 to 2034 |
|
Historical Data Available for |
2020 to 2023 |
|
By Applications Covered |
Paints & Coatings, Cleaning & Degreasing, Adhesives, Aerosols, Rubber & Polymer, Printing Inks, Others |
|
By Type Covered |
Varnish Makers & Paints, Mineral Spirits, Hexane, Heptane, Others |
|
Region Scope |
North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East, Africa |
|
Countries Scope |
U.S. ,Canada, Germany,U.K.,France, Japan , China , India, South Africa , Brazil |
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