Platinum Powder Market Size
The Global Platinum Powder Market size was USD 62.14 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 64.07 Million in 2025, USD 66.06 Million in 2026, and USD 84.33 Million by 2034, exhibiting a growth rate of 3.1% during the forecast period (2025–2034). The market growth is primarily driven by increasing demand for platinum-based catalysts and advancements in clean energy technologies. Approximately 42% of the global share is contributed by the Asia-Pacific region, while 27% comes from Europe, and 21% from North America, showing strong industrial adoption and sustainable material expansion worldwide.
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The US Platinum Powder Market is experiencing consistent growth, fueled by the expanding hydrogen fuel cell and electronics industries. Around 33.8% of the regional demand comes from automotive applications, and 26.4% from semiconductor and precision electronic components. Research and development activities have increased by nearly 18.6%, with manufacturers focusing on ultra-high purity and nano-grade platinum powders. The country also leads in recycling efficiency, accounting for 22.5% of global refined platinum recovery, reflecting its strategic role in sustainability and advanced manufacturing.
Key Findings
- Market Size: Global market reached USD 62.14 Million in 2024, projected at USD 64.07 Million in 2025, and USD 84.33 Million by 2034, growing steadily at 3.1%.
- Growth Drivers: Demand for platinum catalysts increased by 27.6%, hydrogen applications by 21.3%, and electronic-grade platinum powder use expanded by 18.9% globally.
- Trends: High-purity platinum adoption rose by 24.8%, recycling utilization grew by 16.5%, and energy-efficient production technologies increased by 19.4% worldwide.
- Key Players: Johnson Matthey, Tanaka, Heraeus Electronics, Aida Chemical, American Elements & more.
- Regional Insights: Asia-Pacific holds 42% of the Platinum Powder Market, driven by electronics and clean energy growth. Europe accounts for 27%, supported by automotive catalysts and green innovation. North America captures 21%, led by fuel cell and semiconductor expansion. The Middle East & Africa represent 10%, with growing industrial and mining activities.
- Challenges: Raw material costs surged by 22.4%, recycling inefficiencies reached 14.8%, and limited supply chain resilience affected 12.9% of producers globally.
- Industry Impact: Over 31.7% growth in green energy projects, 26.8% rise in electronic innovations, and 18.5% shift toward sustainable production methods worldwide.
- Recent Developments: 23% new R&D initiatives launched, 17.9% increase in production capacity, and 14.2% growth in eco-friendly platinum recovery technologies across major producers.
The Platinum Powder Market is undergoing a transformation driven by the transition toward cleaner energy and advanced electronic materials. Nearly 40.6% of industry output is used in catalytic and green energy processes, with another 28.2% in precision components. Emerging nanotechnology applications are redefining efficiency, purity, and sustainability benchmarks across industries. Rapid advancements in refining, coupled with recycling innovations, are enhancing long-term market stability and technological competitiveness among global producers. The market’s innovation-led trajectory is shaping the future of functional materials and renewable energy systems.
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The platinum powder market represents a niche yet strategically vital segment within the broader precious metals and specialty materials industry. Platinum powder—extremely fine particles of platinum—serves as a critical component in catalytic applications, electronic contacts, fuel cells, and chemical processes. Demand is driven by its superior catalytic activity, electrical conductivity, and resistance to corrosion under extreme conditions. Key end-users include automotive (via emission control catalysts), electronics, chemical processing, and clean energy sectors. Geographically, demand is concentrated in industrialized regions, with Asia-Pacific, Europe, and North America accounting for the lion’s share. Supply constraints—owing to limited mining output, high processing costs, and the complexity of refining platinum to powder grade—exert pressure on market balance. Market participants include high-specialty metal producers and refiners focusing on purity, consistency, and particle morphology. As industries increasingly lean toward low-emission and green technologies, the role of platinum powder continues to gain strategic significance.
Platinum Powder Market Trends
Supply tightness is a pronounced trend in the platinum powder market, with global platinum deficits reaching nearly 6 % of total demand in recent cycles, reflecting constrained mine output and weak recycling rates reducing available volumes. Investment demand has surged, pushing above-ground inventories down by double-digit percentages, with stockpiles falling about 12 % in one recent year. The uptake of platinum powder in nano and high-purity applications is expanding rapidly, with nano-grade use rising by nearly 19.4 % in some regions as industries push for higher surface area catalysts. In application mix, the automotive catalytic segment continues to dominate, accounting for approximately 42.8 % of total consumption in some markets. Regionally, Asia-Pacific has commanded nearly 47.6 % of the market share in certain reports, reflecting its role as the global manufacturing hub for automotive and electronics sectors. Within product segmentation, high-purity platinum powder has held about 54.3 % of the consumption share, driven by its adoption in precision electronics, aerospace, and medical devices. Amid shifting industry dynamics, suppliers are channeling R&D and capital investment toward more efficient platinum recovery, with sector players increasing spending on sustainable recovery processes by over 23.8 % in recent cycles as they seek to offset raw material shortages.
Platinum Powder Market Dynamics
Expansion of Hydrogen Energy and Clean Technology Applications
The shift toward sustainable and hydrogen-based energy solutions presents a major opportunity for the platinum powder market. Demand for platinum powder in hydrogen fuel cells and electrolyzers has risen by nearly 28.6% as industries accelerate green energy adoption. The use of platinum-based catalysts in hydrogen production and storage systems now represents approximately 19.4% of total market usage, up from previous levels due to the global drive toward carbon neutrality. Manufacturers investing in high-purity platinum catalysts report a production efficiency improvement rate exceeding 14.7%, indicating growing profitability potential in this segment.
Growing Demand from Automotive and Electronics Industries
Platinum powder demand is being driven by its increasing use in catalytic converters and advanced electronic components. The automotive sector currently consumes around 43.2% of total platinum powder output due to stricter emission regulations and the higher efficiency of platinum-based catalysts. Meanwhile, the electronics industry accounts for approximately 26.5% of global demand, supported by innovations in micro-sensors and semiconductors. Adoption of high-purity platinum powder in chip manufacturing and medical devices has expanded by 18.9%, underscoring its importance in precision engineering and sustainable technologies.
RESTRAINTS
"High Production Costs and Limited Supply Chain Stability"
The platinum powder market faces constraints due to the high cost of refining and limited global supply. Extraction and processing costs have increased by over 21.8%, significantly impacting profitability for small and mid-tier producers. Around 34.6% of manufacturers report supply chain bottlenecks due to mining output fluctuations and export restrictions. Additionally, production efficiency losses linked to purity variation have risen by nearly 9.2%, restricting consistent availability for downstream sectors such as electronics and catalysts manufacturing.
CHALLENGE
"Recycling Inefficiencies and Raw Material Volatility"
Recycling challenges and raw material volatility remain major hurdles for the platinum powder market. Secondary recovery rates from used catalysts and industrial scrap have stagnated at roughly 37.5%, well below industry targets. This gap contributes to periodic shortages, with supply deficits averaging around 5.4% of global demand. Furthermore, fluctuations in mining output—often varying between 3.6% and 8.1% annually—expose producers to unstable pricing structures, disrupting consistent delivery to end-use industries and increasing dependency on costly imports.
Segmentation Analysis
The Global Platinum Powder Market size was valued at USD 62.14 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 64.07 Million in 2025, further expanding to USD 84.33 Million by 2034, exhibiting a steady CAGR of 3.1% during the forecast period (2025–2034). By type, the market is segmented into High Platinum Powder and Alloyed Platinum Powder. High Platinum Powder dominates the market with higher purity and broad adoption in electronics and catalysis, while Alloyed Platinum Powder finds applications in specialized industrial and jewelry uses. By application, the market is categorized into Catalysts, Electronics, Chemical, Jewelry, and Others. Catalysts and Electronics collectively account for over 60% of global share, driven by clean energy and precision device manufacturing. The segmentation reflects an evolving industrial preference toward high-performance and sustainable material technologies across regions.
By Type
High Platinum Powder
High Platinum Powder is primarily used in electronics, sensors, and fuel cell catalysts where extreme purity and conductivity are required. This type exhibits superior dispersion, stability, and corrosion resistance, making it the preferred choice for advanced microelectronic and catalytic systems. The demand has surged due to the rising integration of platinum in low-emission automotive and renewable energy technologies.
High Platinum Powder held the largest share in the Platinum Powder Market, accounting for USD 39.12 Million in 2025, representing 61.1% of the total market. This segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.4% from 2025 to 2034, driven by higher demand from the hydrogen energy and semiconductor industries and increasing use in precision medical devices.
Major Dominant Countries in the High Platinum Powder Segment
- China led the High Platinum Powder segment with a market size of USD 11.68 Million in 2025, holding an 18.2% share and expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% due to large-scale fuel cell deployment and electronics manufacturing.
- Japan held a market size of USD 9.21 Million in 2025, with a 14.3% share, growing at a CAGR of 3.5% supported by demand from automotive catalysts and precision component producers.
- Germany captured USD 7.62 Million in 2025, maintaining an 11.8% share and a projected CAGR of 3.2% driven by expansion in high-tech automotive and industrial manufacturing sectors.
Alloyed Platinum Powder
Alloyed Platinum Powder combines platinum with metals such as palladium, rhodium, and gold to enhance durability and mechanical strength. It is used in jewelry, chemical processing, and high-temperature applications requiring superior resistance and longer life span. The increasing use of alloyed variants in customized jewelry designs and advanced industrial components is fueling steady growth.
Alloyed Platinum Powder accounted for USD 24.95 Million in 2025, representing 38.9% of the total market share. This segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of 2.7% during 2025–2034, supported by the rise in decorative applications, industrial catalysts, and composite metal fabrication.
Major Dominant Countries in the Alloyed Platinum Powder Segment
- India led the Alloyed Platinum Powder segment with a market size of USD 6.82 Million in 2025, holding a 10.6% share and expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.1% due to strong jewelry demand and industrial alloy manufacturing.
- United States recorded USD 5.78 Million in 2025, representing an 8.9% share, projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.9% driven by advanced chemical applications and metal finishing industries.
- Italy reached USD 4.11 Million in 2025, accounting for a 6.4% share, with a growth rate of 2.5% attributed to high-end jewelry and luxury product exports.
By Application
Catalysts
Catalysts form the backbone of platinum powder demand, primarily used in automotive emission control, fuel cells, and chemical synthesis. The segment benefits from the increasing shift toward green energy technologies, where platinum-based catalysts are crucial for hydrogen production and fuel cell efficiency improvements.
Catalysts held the largest share in the Platinum Powder Market, valued at USD 21.86 Million in 2025, representing 34.1% of the total market, and are projected to expand at a CAGR of 3.5% from 2025 to 2034, driven by rising adoption of hydrogen fuel cell systems and industrial reforming processes.
Major Dominant Countries in the Catalysts Segment
- China led the Catalysts segment with a market size of USD 6.47 Million in 2025, holding a 9.9% share and projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% due to massive fuel cell and chemical expansion.
- United States recorded USD 5.29 Million in 2025, maintaining an 8.2% share and expected growth of 3.4% due to environmental regulation-driven catalytic converter production.
- Germany reached USD 4.26 Million in 2025, holding a 6.6% share and expected to expand at a CAGR of 3.1%, driven by industrial catalysts and automotive innovation.
Electronics
The Electronics segment utilizes platinum powder for electrical contacts, sensors, thermocouples, and microchips, where high conductivity and thermal stability are critical. Growing semiconductor demand and precision instrument production have increased platinum powder usage across Asia and Europe.
Electronics accounted for USD 17.32 Million in 2025, representing 27.0% of the market, expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.3% during 2025–2034, fueled by rapid miniaturization trends and integration of platinum in advanced electronic systems.
Major Dominant Countries in the Electronics Segment
- Japan led the Electronics segment with a market size of USD 5.28 Million in 2025, representing an 8.2% share, projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.4% due to high-tech innovation and semiconductor fabrication.
- South Korea achieved USD 4.61 Million in 2025, capturing a 7.2% share and expected to grow at 3.6% CAGR, supported by demand for platinum-based chip components.
- United States reached USD 3.86 Million in 2025, accounting for a 6.0% share, growing at a 3.1% CAGR driven by advanced sensor and smart device manufacturing.
Chemical
The Chemical segment covers platinum powder use in refining, catalysts, and industrial synthesis processes. Its strong catalytic and resistance properties make it essential in nitric acid production, petrochemical conversion, and specialty chemical manufacturing.
The Chemical segment generated USD 11.52 Million in 2025, accounting for 18.0% of total market share, and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.9% through 2034, driven by chemical catalyst efficiency improvements and sustainability-driven innovation.
Major Dominant Countries in the Chemical Segment
- Germany dominated with USD 3.62 Million in 2025, representing a 5.6% share, projected to grow at 3.0% CAGR driven by high-value chemical production and export growth.
- United States achieved USD 3.08 Million in 2025, holding a 4.8% share, expected to grow at 2.8% CAGR driven by process catalyst development and chemical recycling initiatives.
- China followed with USD 2.91 Million in 2025, representing a 4.5% share, projected to grow at 2.7% CAGR due to industrial-scale chemical plant expansions.
Jewelry
Platinum powder in the Jewelry segment is used for high-end finishes, polishing, and precision alloy formulations. The rising luxury goods demand and consumer preference for durable platinum-based ornaments support growth in this sector.
Jewelry accounted for USD 8.34 Million in 2025, representing a 13.0% market share, and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 2.6% from 2025 to 2034, supported by the premiumization trend and the rise of custom platinum designs.
Major Dominant Countries in the Jewelry Segment
- India led with USD 2.72 Million in 2025, holding a 4.2% share, projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.9% due to surging luxury jewelry exports.
- Italy followed with USD 2.36 Million in 2025, accounting for a 3.7% share, growing at 2.5% CAGR due to designer and luxury brand production.
- China reached USD 1.98 Million in 2025, holding a 3.1% share, projected to grow at 2.4% CAGR due to mass jewelry manufacturing and demand for modern designs.
Others
The “Others” segment includes niche applications such as laboratory reagents, coatings, and specialized manufacturing tools where platinum’s unique catalytic and conductive properties are essential. These smaller markets are steadily expanding as industrial R&D intensifies.
The Others segment was valued at USD 5.03 Million in 2025, representing 7.9% of the total market, expected to grow at a CAGR of 2.8% during 2025–2034, driven by growth in advanced material research and laboratory-scale synthesis applications.
Major Dominant Countries in the Others Segment
- United States led with USD 1.62 Million in 2025, holding a 2.5% share, expected to grow at a CAGR of 2.9% driven by R&D investments in advanced material science.
- Japan achieved USD 1.38 Million in 2025, representing a 2.1% share, with 2.7% CAGR due to technological adoption in precision engineering labs.
- Germany followed with USD 1.03 Million in 2025, accounting for 1.6% share, growing at 2.5% CAGR supported by laboratory and industrial process innovation.
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Platinum Powder Market Regional Outlook
The Global Platinum Powder Market, valued at USD 62.14 Million in 2024, is projected to reach USD 64.07 Million in 2025 and further expand to USD 84.33 Million by 2034, growing at a CAGR of 3.1% during the forecast period (2025–2034). Regionally, Asia-Pacific dominates the market, accounting for 42% of the total share, followed by Europe with 27%, North America with 21%, and the Middle East & Africa holding 10%. The regional demand is influenced by varying industrial bases—Asia-Pacific’s strong manufacturing ecosystem, Europe’s green technology transition, North America’s automotive innovation, and the Middle East & Africa’s emerging industrial diversification. Each region demonstrates distinct growth patterns driven by platinum-intensive applications like catalysts, electronics, and chemical manufacturing.
North America
North America’s Platinum Powder Market continues to expand steadily due to its robust automotive and electronics industries. The United States accounts for the majority of regional demand, supported by growth in emission control catalysts and electric vehicle components. Increased adoption of hydrogen fuel technologies and industrial catalysts across refineries and energy sectors has driven substantial platinum consumption. Research advancements in fuel cell innovation, especially in the U.S. and Canada, are also increasing industrial utilization of high-purity platinum powder for precision and durability.
North America held a significant share in the Platinum Powder Market, accounting for USD 13.45 Million in 2025, representing 21% of the total market. The region’s growth is supported by rising investments in clean energy production, the automotive sector’s shift toward sustainable technologies, and the expansion of advanced semiconductor manufacturing capabilities.
North America - Major Dominant Countries in the Platinum Powder Market
- United States led the region with a market size of USD 8.32 Million in 2025, holding a 13% share, driven by increased adoption of platinum catalysts in automotive and hydrogen industries.
- Canada held USD 3.12 Million in 2025, capturing a 4.9% share, supported by growing energy applications and R&D activities in green technologies.
- Mexico reached USD 2.01 Million in 2025, representing a 3.1% share due to rising industrial and electronics manufacturing utilization.
Europe
Europe’s Platinum Powder Market benefits from its established automotive manufacturing, renewable energy initiatives, and chemical production industries. Countries such as Germany, the UK, and France are leaders in adopting platinum-based catalysts and electronics components for clean and efficient production systems. The region’s stringent emission control standards continue to boost platinum demand across catalytic and industrial processes. Growing use in hydrogen fuel systems and laboratory equipment further strengthens Europe’s platinum footprint in industrial applications.
Europe accounted for USD 17.30 Million in 2025, representing 27% of the global market. The region’s expansion is largely fueled by its transition to carbon-neutral technologies, rising adoption of hydrogen-based mobility solutions, and increased research spending on high-purity platinum applications in electronics and chemical manufacturing.
Europe - Major Dominant Countries in the Platinum Powder Market
- Germany led Europe with USD 6.44 Million in 2025, holding a 10% share, supported by automotive catalysts and industrial chemical usage.
- United Kingdom reached USD 5.21 Million in 2025, representing an 8.1% share, driven by its push for low-emission vehicle manufacturing.
- France held USD 3.86 Million in 2025, capturing a 6% share due to chemical process demand and increasing use in precision instruments.
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific dominates the global Platinum Powder Market due to its massive manufacturing base and high industrial activity. Demand from China, Japan, South Korea, and India continues to grow rapidly, supported by expanding electronics, automotive, and hydrogen energy sectors. China remains the leading producer and consumer, while Japan’s and South Korea’s innovation in semiconductor technologies further elevates regional growth. Rising investments in electric mobility and renewable hydrogen infrastructure also propel platinum powder utilization across Asia-Pacific.
Asia-Pacific held the largest share in the Platinum Powder Market, valued at USD 26.91 Million in 2025, representing 42% of the total market. The region’s dominance is driven by technological advancements in catalysts, increased electronic manufacturing, and growing green hydrogen initiatives across industrial economies.
Asia-Pacific - Major Dominant Countries in the Platinum Powder Market
- China led the Asia-Pacific region with a market size of USD 11.84 Million in 2025, accounting for 18.5% of the global share, driven by large-scale manufacturing and hydrogen projects.
- Japan recorded USD 8.17 Million in 2025, capturing a 12.7% share, fueled by semiconductor and electronics industry demand.
- India reached USD 6.90 Million in 2025, holding a 10.8% share, supported by growth in jewelry and catalytic converter production industries.
Middle East & Africa
The Middle East & Africa region is emerging as a significant participant in the Platinum Powder Market due to the expansion of mining, energy, and refining sectors. South Africa remains a pivotal producer of platinum, supplying over 70% of the region’s material output. Industrial diversification in the UAE and Saudi Arabia, coupled with increased investment in fuel cell technology and refining applications, is boosting regional consumption. The region also benefits from export-oriented platinum industries serving global demand for high-purity powder.
Middle East & Africa accounted for USD 6.41 Million in 2025, representing 10% of the global market. Growth is driven by strong platinum mining output in South Africa, industrialization across the Gulf region, and strategic partnerships for technological integration in energy and automotive applications.
Middle East & Africa - Major Dominant Countries in the Platinum Powder Market
- South Africa led with a market size of USD 3.18 Million in 2025, holding 5% of the total share, supported by large-scale platinum extraction and export operations.
- United Arab Emirates recorded USD 1.95 Million in 2025, capturing 3% of the share due to diversification in refining and manufacturing sectors.
- Saudi Arabia achieved USD 1.28 Million in 2025, holding a 2% share, driven by industrial catalysts and clean energy development projects.
List of Key Platinum Powder Market Companies Profiled
- Johnson Matthey
- Aida Chemical
- Tanaka
- Heraeus Electronics
- American Elements
- ZheJiang Changgui Metal
- Shoei Chemical
- Ames Goldsmith
- Technic
Top Companies with Highest Market Share
- Johnson Matthey: Holds approximately 18.7% of the global Platinum Powder Market share due to its strong presence in catalyst manufacturing and advanced material production.
- Tanaka: Accounts for about 15.4% market share, driven by its dominance in high-purity platinum powder used in electronics and hydrogen fuel cell applications.
Investment Analysis and Opportunities in Platinum Powder Market
Investments in the Platinum Powder Market are rapidly expanding as industries focus on clean energy and electronic component innovation. Around 32.5% of new investments are directed toward hydrogen fuel cell development, where platinum serves as a primary catalyst. The electronics sector follows with a 26.8% allocation toward micro-component manufacturing. Research and development spending across major producers has increased by nearly 19.6%, focusing on refining techniques and sustainable extraction. Strategic alliances and joint ventures account for about 12.3% of total market collaboration activity, highlighting an increasing trend toward vertical integration and recycling initiatives. The ongoing industrial transition to low-emission systems creates vast investment opportunities for platinum powder manufacturers.
New Products Development
Continuous innovation characterizes the Platinum Powder Market, with nearly 21.4% of producers introducing new product variants annually. Recent developments focus on nano-structured and high-dispersion platinum powders with improved catalytic efficiency. Companies are emphasizing environmentally friendly production methods, with 17.2% of manufacturers adopting recycled platinum sources to meet sustainability goals. High-purity platinum grades, accounting for nearly 48.9% of total new launches, are designed to enhance performance in sensors, fuel cells, and advanced electronics. These innovations are improving conductivity and stability by up to 15%, making the material more suitable for next-generation applications in clean energy and precision instrumentation.
Recent Developments
- Johnson Matthey: Introduced a new platinum nanoparticle powder with 22% higher catalytic activity, improving fuel cell efficiency across electric vehicles and stationary power systems.
- Tanaka: Developed ultra-high-purity platinum powder for semiconductor production, achieving particle uniformity improvements of 18% compared to previous models.
- Heraeus Electronics: Expanded its platinum powder production line, increasing capacity by 27% to meet demand from hydrogen fuel cell applications in Asia.
- American Elements: Launched a sustainable refining process reducing platinum waste by 14.3%, enabling cost-effective and environmentally responsible production of fine powder.
- Aida Chemical: Collaborated with research institutes to create alloyed platinum powder with 12% higher durability and enhanced resistance to thermal degradation for industrial catalysts.
Report Coverage
The Platinum Powder Market Report provides an in-depth assessment of industry dynamics, focusing on competitive positioning, regional analysis, and emerging technologies. The study covers key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities shaping global demand. SWOT analysis reveals strong industry fundamentals — with 36.2% strength attributed to technological advancements, 28.4% to growing demand in clean energy, and 21.8% in diversified end-use sectors. Weaknesses include high production costs (19.6%) and supply instability (11.4%). Opportunities lie in hydrogen energy expansion, accounting for 31.9% of projected market potential, while threats such as substitution by palladium or recycling inefficiencies account for 13.2%. The report highlights the competitive landscape dominated by major players like Johnson Matthey, Tanaka, and Heraeus, who collectively control more than 40% of the market share. Regional evaluations indicate Asia-Pacific’s leadership in production and consumption, while Europe and North America remain vital innovation hubs. The analysis integrates key performance metrics, innovation indices, and market readiness factors, offering strategic insights into future growth trajectories and investment patterns across platinum powder applications.
| Report Coverage | Report Details |
|---|---|
|
By Applications Covered |
Catalysts, Electronics, Chemical, Jewelry, Others |
|
By Type Covered |
High Platinum Powder, Alloyed Platinum Powder |
|
No. of Pages Covered |
102 |
|
Forecast Period Covered |
2025 to 2034 |
|
Growth Rate Covered |
CAGR of 3.1% during the forecast period |
|
Value Projection Covered |
USD 84.33 Million by 2034 |
|
Historical Data Available for |
2020 to 2023 |
|
Region Covered |
North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East, Africa |
|
Countries Covered |
U.S. ,Canada, Germany,U.K.,France, Japan , China , India, South Africa , Brazil |
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