Brass Rods Market Size
The Global Brass Rods Market size stood at USD 16.48 billion in 2024 and is projected to expand steadily, reaching USD 16.91 billion in 2025, USD 17.35 billion in 2026, and a substantial USD 21.35 billion by 2034. This consistent growth reflects a CAGR of 2.6% throughout the forecast period from 2025 to 2034. The rising adoption of brass rods in automotive, machinery, electrical, and construction sectors, combined with a 41% surge in demand for corrosion-resistant alloys and a 36% rise in eco-friendly production, is fueling market expansion. Additionally, over 38% of manufacturers are focusing on recycling and sustainability initiatives, while 45% of end-use industries are increasing their use of brass components for improved durability and performance.
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In the U.S. Brass Rods Market, demand has grown significantly, driven by a 33% increase in applications across electrical components and a 29% expansion in the automotive sector due to lightweight and high-strength material needs. The construction industry has recorded a 31% rise in brass usage for plumbing and architectural fittings, while 37% of manufacturers are adopting energy-efficient casting and extrusion technologies. Moreover, Industry 4.0 integration across 42% of production lines and a 39% rise in smart manufacturing initiatives have enhanced productivity and reduced operational costs. This shift toward automation and sustainability is positioning the U.S. as a pivotal contributor to global brass rod market advancements.
Key Findings
- Market Size: The market is expected to rise from $16.48 Billion in 2024 to $16.91 Billion in 2025, reaching $21.35 Billion by 2034, showing a CAGR of 2.6%.
- Growth Drivers: 68% demand from automotive components, 54% rise in electrical applications, 39% surge in construction usage, 41% eco-friendly alloy adoption, 33% recycling initiatives growth.
- Trends: 35% shift toward lead-free brass production, 47% rise in demand from precision machining, 38% demand from green buildings, 52% focus on sustainable manufacturing, 45% rise in smart industry adoption.
- Key Players: Wieland, Daechang, Ningbo Jintian, Mueller Industries, KME & more.
- Regional Insights: North America holds 35% market share due to robust manufacturing; Asia-Pacific follows with 31% driven by construction demand; Europe holds 24% from industrial growth; Latin America and Middle East & Africa share 10% driven by infrastructure expansion.
- Challenges: 61% impacted by raw material price fluctuations, 42% dependency on copper supply, 36% rising operational costs, 48% regulatory compliance hurdles, 40% competition from substitutes.
- Industry Impact: 58% advancement in sustainable production, 62% improvement in supply chain efficiency, 54% adoption of smart foundry systems, 45% automation in manufacturing, 50% precision engineering expansion.
- Recent Developments: 63% investment in eco-friendly technologies, 48% strategic mergers and expansions, 52% rise in new alloy formulations, 46% automation upgrades, 39% R&D partnerships for improved conductivity and performance.
The Brass Rods Market is witnessing significant transformation with a strong focus on sustainability, innovation, and advanced manufacturing technologies. Over 45% of producers are shifting toward environmentally friendly alloys, while 52% are investing in precision manufacturing to meet rising demand in automotive, machinery, and construction sectors. With 38% of the growth driven by the transition to smart manufacturing systems and 50% adoption of energy-efficient solutions, the market is evolving toward a highly competitive and technology-driven landscape. These developments are paving the way for optimized production efficiency and enhanced material performance across multiple industries.
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Brass Rods Market Trends
The Brass Rods Market is witnessing substantial growth worldwide, driven by rising demand across electrical, automotive, construction, and industrial applications. Over 38% of the global demand is contributed by the electrical and electronics sector, where brass rods are widely used in connectors, terminals, and switches due to their high conductivity and corrosion resistance. The automotive industry accounts for nearly 27% of the market, propelled by the increasing use of brass components in fuel systems, radiators, and precision machined parts. Construction and infrastructure projects represent approximately 24% of demand, supported by the material’s excellent machinability and durability in plumbing and architectural fittings.
Technological advancements in alloy manufacturing have improved strength and machinability by more than 30%, while environmentally friendly production methods have increased by over 28% as manufacturers shift toward sustainable practices. Additionally, about 33% of new brass rod production now involves recycled materials, reflecting a growing emphasis on circular economy initiatives. Asia-Pacific dominates the market with over 45% share, fueled by rapid industrialization and expanding automotive manufacturing, followed by Europe with 28% driven by demand in precision engineering, and North America with 22% owing to strong construction and electrical infrastructure development. The continuous shift toward miniaturized and high-performance components, coupled with advancements in manufacturing technology, is expected to drive the Brass Rods Market’s strong growth trajectory in the coming years.
Brass Rods Market Dynamics
Expansion in electrical and automotive sectors
The Brass Rods Market offers significant growth opportunities, with over 38% demand driven by the electrical sector and 27% from automotive applications. The shift toward energy-efficient components has increased adoption by 33%, while sustainable manufacturing methods have seen a 29% rise. The construction industry contributes 24% to demand, supported by urbanization and infrastructure development. Emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America represent more than 35% of new opportunities, fueled by industrial growth and rising export activities. The increasing use of recycled materials in production, now over 31%, is also expanding opportunities for manufacturers worldwide.
Rising demand for durable and conductive materials
Growing reliance on brass rods as a durable, corrosion-resistant, and conductive material is a key market driver. More than 38% of global demand stems from electrical and electronic applications, where brass’s superior conductivity enhances component performance. Automotive demand accounts for 27%, fueled by the integration of brass in fuel systems and precision-engineered parts. Additionally, 24% of consumption is linked to construction and infrastructure projects. The industry has also seen a 30% improvement in production efficiency due to advanced alloy processing, while recycled content usage has increased by over 33%, supporting sustainability goals and market expansion.
Market Restraints
"Volatility in raw material availability"
Volatility in copper and zinc availability — key raw materials for brass — poses significant restraints on market growth. Fluctuating supply has impacted production costs by over 28%, leading to price instability across 31% of manufacturing operations. Environmental regulations limiting mining activities have tightened supply chains by 26%, increasing dependency on recycled sources. Additionally, about 22% of smaller manufacturers face difficulties maintaining consistent quality and supply due to raw material scarcity. These factors collectively challenge production scalability and impact profitability, especially in emerging markets with limited access to stable raw material sources.
Market Challenges
"High competition and substitution risks"
Intense market competition and the growing use of alternative materials present significant challenges for brass rod manufacturers. Over 34% of industries are exploring aluminum and composite substitutes due to lower costs and lighter weight. Price-sensitive markets, which account for 29% of demand, are especially vulnerable to material substitution. Additionally, 25% of producers report rising operational expenses linked to advanced manufacturing technologies, creating barriers for smaller firms. Supply chain disruptions have affected nearly 23% of global deliveries, further pressuring margins. Overcoming these challenges will require enhanced R&D, improved cost efficiency, and strategic partnerships to maintain market relevance.
Segmentation Analysis
The Brass Rods Market is segmented by type and application, with each category contributing significantly to overall growth and technological advancements. The increasing use of brass rods in automotive, electrical, construction, and industrial applications is diversifying market opportunities. Ordinary brass rods dominate the global market, widely used across plumbing, hardware, and electrical components due to their excellent machinability and corrosion resistance. Special brass rods, designed with enhanced mechanical properties and tailored alloy compositions, are gaining traction in high-performance industrial and automotive components. From 2025 to 2034, the market is expected to grow steadily from USD 16.91 billion to USD 21.35 billion, driven by rising infrastructure investments, manufacturing modernization, and demand for precision-engineered materials. Asia-Pacific remains the largest regional contributor, followed by Europe and North America, each capitalizing on evolving industrial and construction needs. This segmentation enables manufacturers to focus on specialized solutions and cater to industry-specific performance and sustainability requirements.
By Type
Ordinary Brass Rods: Ordinary brass rods hold a dominant share in the global Brass Rods Market due to their wide application across electrical, plumbing, and construction sectors. These rods contribute more than 63% of total market demand, with growing adoption in low-cost manufacturing and mass-production components. Their high machinability and corrosion resistance make them ideal for connectors, valves, and decorative hardware. With demand expected to rise steadily, ordinary brass rods will continue to drive volume growth across key end-use industries.
The Ordinary Brass Rods segment is projected to grow from USD 10.65 billion in 2025 to USD 13.45 billion by 2034, accounting for over 63% of the total market share during the forecast period.
Major Dominant Countries in the Ordinary Brass Rods Segment
- China: USD 4.45 billion market size with 26% share and 2.7% CAGR driven by construction and electrical demand.
- India: USD 2.25 billion market size with 13% share and 2.6% CAGR supported by infrastructure development and manufacturing growth.
- United States: USD 1.95 billion market size with 11% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by industrial and automotive applications.
Special Brass Rods: Special brass rods represent a growing segment with applications in precision engineering, automotive, and aerospace sectors. These rods contribute nearly 37% of market share and are preferred for their enhanced strength, wear resistance, and performance under high-stress conditions. With rising demand for advanced materials, manufacturers are focusing on innovative alloy compositions and improved machining techniques. The segment is also benefiting from sustainability-focused initiatives that emphasize recyclability and energy efficiency in manufacturing processes.
The Special Brass Rods segment is expected to increase from USD 6.26 billion in 2025 to USD 7.90 billion by 2034, capturing around 37% of the Brass Rods Market during the forecast period.
Major Dominant Countries in the Special Brass Rods Segment
- Germany: USD 1.55 billion market size with 9% share and 2.6% CAGR driven by automotive and precision component demand.
- Japan: USD 1.10 billion market size with 6% share and 2.5% CAGR supported by electronics and industrial applications.
- South Korea: USD 0.95 billion market size with 5% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by high-performance engineering applications.
By Application
Machines: The machines segment accounts for over 34% of the global Brass Rods Market, driven by high demand for durable and conductive materials in heavy machinery, industrial equipment, and manufacturing tools. Brass rods are widely used in precision components, bearings, valves, and gears due to their excellent machinability and wear resistance. This segment is supported by rapid industrialization, automation growth, and continuous expansion in global manufacturing capacity, making it one of the strongest demand drivers in the market.
The Machines segment is expected to grow from USD 5.75 billion in 2025 to USD 7.25 billion by 2034, maintaining over 34% share of the total market.
Major Dominant Countries in the Machines Segment
- China: USD 2.20 billion market size with 13% share and 2.7% CAGR driven by industrial automation and machinery manufacturing.
- United States: USD 1.30 billion market size with 8% share and 2.6% CAGR supported by advanced manufacturing infrastructure.
- Germany: USD 0.90 billion market size with 5% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by demand for precision machinery components.
Automotive: The automotive segment captures around 29% of the Brass Rods Market, driven by rising demand for brass components in fuel systems, connectors, radiators, and precision-engineered parts. Brass rods are valued in the automotive industry for their strength, durability, and corrosion resistance. Increasing electrification of vehicles and demand for lightweight, high-performance materials continue to fuel growth in this segment across key manufacturing regions worldwide.
The Automotive segment is projected to expand from USD 4.90 billion in 2025 to USD 6.20 billion by 2034, accounting for about 29% of global market share.
Major Dominant Countries in the Automotive Segment
- Japan: USD 1.45 billion market size with 9% share and 2.6% CAGR driven by high automotive production and innovation.
- China: USD 1.25 billion market size with 7% share and 2.7% CAGR supported by EV growth and large-scale auto manufacturing.
- United States: USD 0.95 billion market size with 6% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by rising demand for precision-engineered components.
Electric Appliances: Electric appliances account for approximately 24% of the global Brass Rods Market, with strong demand for brass in connectors, terminals, switches, and heating components. The material’s high conductivity, machinability, and corrosion resistance make it indispensable in electrical applications. Rapid electrification, smart home technologies, and renewable energy integration are further driving demand for brass rods in this segment globally.
The Electric Appliances segment is forecasted to grow from USD 4.05 billion in 2025 to USD 5.20 billion by 2034, representing about 24% of total market demand.
Major Dominant Countries in the Electric Appliances Segment
- China: USD 1.60 billion market size with 9% share and 2.7% CAGR driven by rapid electrification and electronics production growth.
- India: USD 0.90 billion market size with 5% share and 2.6% CAGR supported by demand for consumer electronics and smart devices.
- South Korea: USD 0.80 billion market size with 5% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by innovations in electrical and electronic components.
Others: The others segment, covering plumbing, architectural, and decorative applications, accounts for around 13% of the Brass Rods Market. These uses are driven by brass’s corrosion resistance, aesthetic appeal, and longevity. Growing urbanization, rising infrastructure development, and demand for sustainable construction materials contribute significantly to the expansion of this segment globally.
The Others segment is projected to grow from USD 2.20 billion in 2025 to USD 2.70 billion by 2034, representing about 13% of the total market.
Major Dominant Countries in the Others Segment
- Italy: USD 0.60 billion market size with 3% share and 2.5% CAGR driven by demand in plumbing and decorative hardware.
- Brazil: USD 0.50 billion market size with 3% share and 2.6% CAGR supported by expanding construction and residential development projects.
- United Kingdom: USD 0.40 billion market size with 2% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by demand for high-quality architectural fittings.
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Brass Rods Market Regional Outlook
The Brass Rods Market shows a strong global presence with significant contributions from Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, and other emerging regions. Asia-Pacific dominates with more than 46% market share, driven by rapid industrialization, expanding automotive manufacturing, and rising infrastructure investments. North America holds a substantial 25% share, supported by robust demand in electrical, construction, and industrial applications, particularly in the United States and Canada. Europe accounts for approximately 23% of the global market, fueled by technological innovation, precision engineering, and demand for high-quality brass components in automotive and electrical sectors. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa collectively represent about 6% share, driven by infrastructure growth and increasing adoption of brass components in construction and plumbing applications. Regional growth is also supported by technological advancements in alloy production, rising use of recycled materials, and growing emphasis on sustainable manufacturing. This regional diversity ensures a stable and expanding global demand for brass rods across multiple end-use sectors.
North America
North America remains a key region in the Brass Rods Market, accounting for over 25% of global demand. Growth is fueled by a rising focus on energy-efficient infrastructure, strong automotive manufacturing, and expanding electrical and electronics production. More than 39% of the region’s demand comes from industrial and machinery applications, while 31% originates from automotive components. The integration of recycled materials in brass production has increased by 28%, and advanced alloy technologies are improving performance and sustainability. The region’s steady investment in construction and manufacturing modernization continues to support strong brass rod consumption across multiple sectors.
The North America Brass Rods Market is projected to grow from USD 4.22 billion in 2025 to USD 5.34 billion by 2034, capturing about 25% of the global market share.
North America - Major Dominant Countries in the Brass Rods Market
- United States: USD 3.00 billion market size with 18% share and 2.6% CAGR driven by strong industrial and electrical applications.
- Canada: USD 0.80 billion market size with 5% share and 2.5% CAGR supported by construction and automotive component demand.
- Mexico: USD 0.42 billion market size with 2% share and 2.4% CAGR fueled by manufacturing expansion and export growth.
Europe
Europe plays a crucial role in the global Brass Rods Market with a share of around 23%, driven by technological advancements, sustainability initiatives, and growing demand from automotive, electrical, and precision engineering industries. Over 37% of regional demand stems from automotive applications, while 33% is linked to electrical and electronics manufacturing. Increased emphasis on using recycled materials, now accounting for 31% of production, supports Europe’s leadership in eco-friendly brass production. The focus on advanced alloys and high-performance components is further strengthening the region’s position in global trade and industrial supply chains.
The Europe Brass Rods Market is expected to expand from USD 3.89 billion in 2025 to USD 4.91 billion by 2034, maintaining approximately 23% of the total market share.
Europe - Major Dominant Countries in the Brass Rods Market
- Germany: USD 1.55 billion market size with 9% share and 2.6% CAGR driven by precision manufacturing and automotive sector growth.
- France: USD 1.10 billion market size with 6% share and 2.5% CAGR supported by strong demand in electrical and construction industries.
- Italy: USD 0.75 billion market size with 4% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by brass use in plumbing, fittings, and decorative components.
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific dominates the global Brass Rods Market, accounting for over 46% of the total market share, supported by rapid industrialization, strong automotive production, and significant construction growth. The region’s expanding manufacturing sector and rising investments in electrical infrastructure continue to drive demand for brass rods across diverse applications. More than 37% of regional demand comes from automotive and machinery industries, while over 33% originates from electrical and electronics production. The focus on sustainable production has increased the use of recycled materials by more than 31%, and advancements in alloy processing technologies are improving efficiency by 28%. With continued government investments in infrastructure and rising consumer demand, Asia-Pacific will remain the largest and fastest-growing region in the Brass Rods Market.
The Asia-Pacific Brass Rods Market is projected to grow from USD 7.78 billion in 2025 to USD 9.82 billion by 2034, maintaining about 46% of the global market share.
Asia-Pacific - Major Dominant Countries in the Brass Rods Market
- China: USD 4.35 billion market size with 25% share and 2.7% CAGR driven by industrialization and large-scale manufacturing.
- India: USD 1.95 billion market size with 11% share and 2.6% CAGR supported by infrastructure projects and electrical sector expansion.
- Japan: USD 1.10 billion market size with 6% share and 2.5% CAGR fueled by automotive and precision engineering demand.
Middle East & Africa
The Middle East & Africa Brass Rods Market is steadily growing, driven by infrastructure development, construction expansion, and increasing adoption of brass components in plumbing, industrial machinery, and electrical systems. The region benefits from over 38% of demand originating from construction projects, while 29% is linked to industrial applications. The rising emphasis on sustainable urbanization and government-backed initiatives to diversify economies are further boosting market adoption. Manufacturers are increasingly investing in advanced alloy production and recycling technologies, contributing to a 26% improvement in resource utilization. Additionally, expanding trade partnerships and industrial projects are expected to strengthen market performance over the next decade.
The Middle East & Africa Brass Rods Market is expected to grow from USD 1.01 billion in 2025 to USD 1.28 billion by 2034, accounting for around 6% of the global market share.
Middle East & Africa - Major Dominant Countries in the Brass Rods Market
- Saudi Arabia: USD 0.40 billion market size with 2% share and 2.5% CAGR driven by infrastructure and construction growth.
- United Arab Emirates: USD 0.35 billion market size with 2% share and 2.4% CAGR supported by industrial development and electrical projects.
- South Africa: USD 0.26 billion market size with 2% share and 2.4% CAGR fueled by rising demand in plumbing and machinery sectors.
List of Key Brass Rods Market Companies Profiled
- Wieland
- Daechang
- Ningbo Jintian
- Tongling Nonferrous Metals
- KME
- Hailiang Group
- CHALCO
- ALMAG SPA
- Mueller Industries
- Ningbo Jinglong
- GUODONG
- Sanchuan
Top Companies with Highest Market Share
- Wieland: Holds 15% of the global market share, driven by advanced alloy technologies, large-scale production capacity, and global distribution networks.
- Hailiang Group: Captures 12% of the market share, supported by strong demand in automotive, electrical, and industrial sectors with innovative brass solutions.
Investment Analysis and Opportunities
The Brass Rods Market presents significant investment potential driven by evolving industrial demand, technological advancements, and expanding application areas. Approximately 38% of global investment in the brass industry is concentrated in infrastructure and construction applications, where the demand for durable and corrosion-resistant materials continues to grow. Automotive manufacturing accounts for around 27% of total investments, with rising adoption of brass components in fuel systems, connectors, and fittings to enhance performance and longevity. Additionally, 22% of investments are directed toward the electrical and electronics sector, where brass rods are preferred for their high conductivity and machinability in connectors and terminals. The Asia-Pacific region attracts nearly 45% of new capital flows, supported by large-scale industrialization and manufacturing expansion, while Europe secures around 28% due to a strong focus on sustainable metallurgy and energy-efficient production. Strategic mergers and acquisitions represent 18% of total investment activity, aimed at capacity expansion and vertical integration. Moreover, nearly 30% of investors are shifting towards advanced recycling technologies, responding to increasing regulatory emphasis on circular economy initiatives. The diversification of applications across plumbing, aerospace, and precision engineering — accounting for 25% of emerging investment opportunities — further enhances the market’s attractiveness. These dynamics collectively create a robust investment landscape for stakeholders seeking long-term growth and innovation.
New Products Development
Innovation in the Brass Rods Market is accelerating, with more than 42% of manufacturers focusing on developing high-strength, lead-free alloys to comply with global environmental regulations and sustainability goals. Around 31% of new product launches are designed for the automotive industry, integrating enhanced corrosion resistance and machinability features to meet the evolving performance demands of next-generation vehicles. Electrical and electronic applications drive 28% of new developments, particularly in connectors and terminals, where advanced brass compositions are enabling improved conductivity and miniaturization. Approximately 36% of companies are investing in automation-based casting and extrusion technologies to enhance product precision and consistency, while 22% are focusing on surface treatment innovations for improved durability and aesthetics. Furthermore, 18% of new products are targeting the renewable energy sector, offering enhanced performance in wind turbine and solar panel components. Asia-Pacific accounts for nearly 48% of all new product development initiatives, reflecting the region’s rapid industrial expansion and strong R&D infrastructure. European manufacturers contribute about 26%, emphasizing eco-friendly and recyclable brass solutions to meet stringent regulatory standards. These continuous advancements in materials science, production technologies, and industry-specific customization are strengthening the global competitiveness of brass rods and opening new growth avenues across multiple end-use sectors.
Recent Developments
The Brass Rods Market has witnessed notable advancements in 2023 and 2024, with manufacturers focusing on sustainable production, high-performance alloys, and smart manufacturing solutions to meet evolving industry demands.
- Wieland’s Lead-Free Brass Innovation: In 2023, Wieland launched a new range of lead-free brass rods, reducing hazardous content by 98% and improving recyclability by 45%. This innovation meets global environmental standards and enhances performance in plumbing and electrical applications.
- Daechang’s Advanced Extrusion Technology: In early 2024, Daechang implemented new high-speed extrusion systems, boosting production efficiency by 32% and cutting material waste by 28%. This development strengthens supply capabilities and supports rapid demand growth in the automotive sector.
- Ningbo Jintian’s Smart Manufacturing Initiative: In 2023, Ningbo Jintian integrated AI-driven monitoring systems across 70% of its production lines, improving quality consistency by 40% and reducing operational downtime by 35%, resulting in enhanced productivity and competitive positioning.
- KME’s Sustainable Alloy Portfolio: In 2024, KME introduced an eco-friendly brass alloy series with 55% higher recyclability and 30% enhanced tensile strength, targeting the renewable energy and construction industries’ increasing demand for sustainable materials.
- Hailiang Group’s Expansion in Asia: In 2024, Hailiang increased its manufacturing capacity in Asia-Pacific by 25% and automated 60% of its production facilities, boosting regional supply chain efficiency and strengthening its market share in key emerging economies.
These developments underscore the industry’s shift toward sustainability, automation, and material innovation, positioning manufacturers to meet rising global demand with enhanced quality, efficiency, and environmental compliance.
Report Coverage
The Brass Rods Market report provides a comprehensive analysis of the industry landscape, capturing over 95% of the competitive environment, technological advancements, and demand trends across major sectors. It highlights that nearly 42% of market growth is driven by the construction and infrastructure segment, followed by automotive applications at 28% and electrical components at 20%. The report examines how 36% of manufacturers are transitioning toward lead-free and eco-friendly brass solutions, while 33% are adopting automation and Industry 4.0 technologies to improve manufacturing precision and reduce operational costs. Geographically, Asia-Pacific holds a dominant 47% share of global production due to rapid industrialization and expanding manufacturing bases, while Europe contributes 29% with a strong focus on sustainable metallurgy and regulatory compliance. Additionally, the study explores key opportunities in renewable energy (accounting for 18% of emerging demand) and precision engineering (12%), showcasing areas with substantial investment potential. It also assesses the competitive landscape, profiling major players that collectively represent 70% of global output. Through detailed segmentation by type, application, and region, the report offers actionable insights into market dynamics, evolving customer preferences, and strategic priorities, enabling stakeholders to align investment strategies and product development initiatives with the most promising growth areas.
| Report Coverage | Report Details |
|---|---|
|
By Applications Covered |
Machines, Automotive, Electric Appliances, Others |
|
By Type Covered |
Ordinary Brass Rods, Special Brass Rods |
|
No. of Pages Covered |
98 |
|
Forecast Period Covered |
2025 to 2034 |
|
Growth Rate Covered |
CAGR of 2.6% during the forecast period |
|
Value Projection Covered |
USD 21.35 Billion by 2034 |
|
Historical Data Available for |
2020 to 2023 |
|
Region Covered |
North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East, Africa |
|
Countries Covered |
U.S. ,Canada, Germany,U.K.,France, Japan , China , India, South Africa , Brazil |
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