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The Global Antibody Testing Market is experiencing steady growth as healthcare systems, biotechnology companies, and diagnostic laboratories worldwide prioritize precision-based immunological testing. The market, valued at USD 8.81 billion in 2024, is projected to reach USD 9.41 billion in 2025, and further expand to USD 15.97 billion by 2033, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.83% during the forecast period (2025–2033). This trajectory underscores the rising demand for reliable diagnostic tools that can detect, quantify, and monitor antibody responses in infectious and autoimmune diseases, as well as in vaccine efficacy studies.
Antibody testing—also known as serological testing—has become a cornerstone of modern diagnostics, enabling clinicians to determine a patient’s immune status and prior exposure to pathogens. These tests detect immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgM, and IgA, which act as biomarkers for infections, autoimmune disorders, and immunotherapy monitoring. The market’s growth has been significantly influenced by the post-pandemic emphasis on disease surveillance, early diagnosis, and public health preparedness. In addition, increasing research on monoclonal antibodies and recombinant protein-based testing has expanded the scope of antibody detection across pharmaceutical and research sectors.
The rapid evolution of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIA), and lateral flow-based rapid tests has enhanced testing throughput, accuracy, and accessibility. In 2025, laboratory-based testing continues to dominate the market, accounting for more than 70% of revenue, while point-of-care (POC) antibody tests are gaining traction due to their convenience and cost efficiency, particularly in low-resource healthcare environments.
Moreover, advancements in AI-integrated antibody validation, multiplex immunoassays, and automated robotic systems are reshaping operational workflows across diagnostic laboratories. These technologies have improved detection specificity and reduced turnaround times by nearly 30%, allowing large-scale processing of samples during epidemic outbreaks.
The growing prevalence of chronic and infectious diseases—including COVID-19, HIV, and autoimmune disorders—remains a key driver of antibody testing demand. In parallel, the integration of antibody assays in clinical trials, vaccine development, and biopharmaceutical quality control is expanding their application scope.
Overall, the global antibody testing market in 2025 represents a convergence of innovation, public health need, and technological advancement. As healthcare systems continue to adopt precision diagnostics, antibody testing will remain central to both preventive medicine and therapeutic monitoring through 2033 and beyond.
What is the Antibody Testing Industry?
The antibody testing industry encompasses the global ecosystem of manufacturers, laboratories, and research organizations involved in developing, producing, and commercializing diagnostic assays that detect antibodies in biological samples such as blood or serum. These antibodies—typically Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA)—are produced by the immune system in response to infections, vaccinations, or autoimmune triggers. The industry integrates advanced immunodiagnostic technologies with automation and digital analytics to enhance disease detection, surveillance, and therapeutic monitoring.
In 2025, the global antibody testing market is projected at USD 9.41 billion, up from USD 8.81 billion in 2024, and expected to reach USD 15.97 billion by 2033, registering a CAGR of 6.83% during the forecast period. This sustained growth is attributed to increasing prevalence of chronic and infectious diseases, the rising adoption of immunodiagnostics in clinical laboratories, and expanded biopharmaceutical R&D activities. Approximately 40% of diagnostic laboratories worldwide now employ antibody-based testing systems as a standard tool for immune profiling and disease confirmation.
The industry’s product portfolio is primarily segmented into enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), rapid lateral flow assays, neutralization tests, and chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIA). Among these, ELISA tests account for over 45% of global market revenue in 2025, due to their precision, scalability, and broad clinical utility. Rapid antibody tests, however, are witnessing the fastest growth at 8.9% CAGR, driven by home-use diagnostic kits and decentralized healthcare applications.
By end-user, the market is divided into hospitals (40%), diagnostic laboratories (35%), and academic or research institutions (25%). The hospital segment remains dominant, supported by the integration of automated immunoassay analyzers and digital health infrastructure.
Geographically, North America leads the global antibody testing industry with a 38% market share in 2025, owing to the presence of key players such as Abbott Laboratories, Thermo Fisher Scientific, and Bio-Rad Laboratories. Europe follows with 31%, driven by regulatory harmonization under the In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR), while Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region, expanding at a 10.4% CAGR due to increasing healthcare expenditure in China and India.
Overall, the antibody testing industry represents a crucial pillar of the diagnostics value chain—bridging healthcare, biotechnology, and data analytics to support preventive medicine, vaccine validation, and therapeutic monitoring on a global scale.
USA Growing Antibody Testing Market
The United States antibody testing market remains the most mature and technologically advanced segment globally, accounting for approximately 38% of the total global revenue in 2025. The domestic market is estimated at USD 3.57 billion in 2025, up from USD 3.34 billion in 2024, and is projected to grow steadily through 2033, driven by extensive adoption of immunoassay platforms, rapid diagnostic tests, and AI-integrated laboratory systems. The U.S. market is forecast to register a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.9% during the 2025–2033 period.
A key driver behind this expansion is the increasing incidence of chronic and infectious diseases, including autoimmune disorders, Lyme disease, and respiratory infections, which collectively affect over 45 million Americans annually. Additionally, growing healthcare digitization, investments in laboratory automation, and government-supported disease surveillance initiatives are enhancing diagnostic capacity.
Technological adoption is a hallmark of the U.S. antibody testing industry. Over 65% of diagnostic laboratories in the country now utilize automated immunoassay analyzers for high-throughput antibody detection, while 40% of hospital systems have implemented cloud-connected laboratory information management systems (LIMS) to streamline workflow and data sharing.
The U.S. market is led by major players such as Abbott Laboratories, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bio-Rad Laboratories, and Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD). Together, these companies represent more than 60% of domestic revenue, supported by extensive manufacturing networks and advanced R&D infrastructure.
By test type, ELISA-based assays hold around 42% of the U.S. market share, followed by rapid antibody tests (30%) and chemiluminescent assays (20%). Regionally, the West Coast accounts for 40% of national demand, owing to the concentration of biotech firms and laboratory networks in California.
Overall, the United States continues to serve as the innovation hub of the global antibody testing industry, setting benchmarks in product accuracy, digital integration, and clinical reliability for global markets.
How Big is the Antibody Testing Industry in 2025?
The global antibody testing industry reached an estimated market size of USD 9.41 billion in 2025, up from USD 8.81 billion in 2024, reflecting consistent demand for immunodiagnostic solutions across healthcare, pharmaceutical, and research sectors. The market is forecast to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.83%, reaching USD 15.97 billion by 2033. The industry’s steady progression underscores the growing dependence on antibody-based assays for disease surveillance, therapeutic monitoring, and biomedical research applications worldwide.
In 2025, the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) segment dominates the global market, accounting for 45% of total revenue, owing to its precision, scalability, and wide application in infectious and autoimmune disease testing. Rapid antibody testing kits represent approximately 28% of the market and continue to grow at an accelerated 8.9% CAGR, driven by the rise of decentralized healthcare and point-of-care diagnostics. Meanwhile, chemiluminescent and multiplex assays together account for 27%, supported by automation and digital integration across laboratory workflows.
By end user, hospitals and clinics contribute around 40% of global demand, followed by diagnostic laboratories (35%) and academic and research institutes (25%). The growing role of antibody testing in vaccine development and biologics manufacturing has also expanded industrial adoption across biopharma R&D.
Regionally, North America leads the global antibody testing industry with 38% market share, followed by Europe (31%) and Asia-Pacific (22%), where emerging economies like China and India are witnessing rapid infrastructure development.
The global industry employs over 250,000 professionals across diagnostic manufacturing, research, and laboratory operations in 2025, supported by more than 150 active commercial manufacturers worldwide. With continued technological innovation, AI integration, and healthcare digitization, the antibody testing industry in 2025 stands as a cornerstone of global diagnostic and biomedical progress.
Global Distribution of Antibody Testing Manufacturers by Country
| Country | Market Share (%) | Key Companies | Highlights |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 38% | Abbott Laboratories, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bio-Rad Laboratories, BD, Promega, BioLegend | Dominates global innovation and manufacturing; strong presence in automated diagnostics. |
| Germany | 9% | Siemens Healthineers, Roche Diagnostics (subsidiary), DiaSorin (regional operations) | Robust R&D ecosystem and advanced immunodiagnostic platforms. |
| United Kingdom | 6% | Abcam, Randox Laboratories | Global hub for recombinant antibody production and life sciences research. |
| Switzerland | 7% | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Agilent Technologies (regional HQ) | Headquarters of Roche Diagnostics; pioneer in automated antibody testing systems. |
| Italy | 4% | DiaSorin S.p.A. | Specializes in high-sensitivity infectious disease antibody assays. |
| Spain | 3% | Werfen (Biokit) | Focus on hospital-based immunoassay automation systems. |
| China | 12% | Bio-Techne (local facilities), Abcam (Suzhou Plant) | Rapid expansion in contract antibody manufacturing and biopharma R&D outsourcing. |
| India | 5% | Transasia Bio-Medicals, J Mitra & Co, regional diagnostics manufacturers | Increasing local ELISA production capacity under Make-in-India initiatives. |
| Japan | 4% | Sysmex Corporation, Fujirebio | Leader in advanced immunodiagnostics and automation technologies. |
| Other Countries (Canada, South Korea, Australia, Brazil) | 12% | Regional and emerging antibody test manufacturers | Focus on niche R&D, exports, and localized immunodiagnostic services. |
Regional Antibody Testing Market Share & Opportunities
The global antibody testing market in 2025 demonstrates a balanced regional distribution, characterized by technological maturity in developed economies and rapid expansion across emerging regions. North America and Europe collectively account for nearly 70% of global revenue, while the Asia-Pacific region leads in growth momentum due to expanding biotechnology infrastructure and rising healthcare investment.
North America (38% Market Share | 8.5% CAGR)
North America remains the global leader in antibody testing, supported by advanced laboratory infrastructure, strong regulatory frameworks, and early adoption of automation and AI-enabled immunoassays. The United States dominates the regional landscape, contributing over 85% of North America’s market share with major players such as Abbott Laboratories, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bio-Rad Laboratories, and Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) driving innovation. In 2025, the North American antibody testing market is estimated at USD 3.57 billion, growing at a CAGR of 8.5%. The region’s focus on chronic disease monitoring, vaccine research, and public health surveillance continues to generate steady demand for high-throughput immunoassay systems.
Europe (31% Market Share | 7.8% CAGR)
Europe ranks as the second-largest regional market, valued at approximately USD 2.9 billion in 2025, led by Germany, the U.K., Italy, and Switzerland. The region benefits from harmonized regulatory standards under the EU In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR) and strong research ecosystems. Companies such as DiaSorin (Italy), Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland), and Werfen (Spain) play crucial roles in shaping market trends. The European market’s opportunities lie in expanding automation in hospital laboratories and growing demand for autoimmune and infectious disease testing.
Asia-Pacific (22% Market Share | 10.4% CAGR)
Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing regional market, valued at approximately USD 2.07 billion in 2025. Growth is driven by large-scale healthcare investments, rising diagnostic awareness, and local manufacturing capabilities in China, India, Japan, and South Korea. The region is projected to achieve a CAGR of 10.4% through 2033, supported by government-backed programs for domestic test production. Local players and multinational partnerships are enabling cost-effective solutions and expanding access to diagnostic tools.
Latin America (6% Market Share | 6.5% CAGR) and Middle East & Africa (3% Market Share | 5.9% CAGR)
These emerging regions are steadily developing their diagnostic infrastructure. Brazil and Mexico are leading Latin American markets, supported by infectious disease control programs, while the GCC and South Africa are emerging as import hubs for advanced immunoassay systems. Increasing public healthcare funding and private sector collaborations represent major opportunities for future expansion.
Global Growth Insights unveils the top List Global Antibody Testing Companies:
| Company | Headquarters | 2025 Revenue (USD Million) | CAGR (2025–2033) | Geographic Presence | Key Highlights |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BioLegend | San Diego, USA | 500 | 9.8% | North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific | Expanded collaboration with Thermo Fisher for multiplex immunoassays; new R&D center in Singapore. |
| Meridian Bioscience | Cincinnati, USA | 350 | 7.2% | North America, Europe, Asia | Acquired by SD Biosensor; launched new ELISA kits for foodborne pathogen detection. |
| Trinity Biotech | Bray, Ireland | 115 | 6.3% | Europe, North America | Launched high-throughput Uni-Gold ELISA system; expanded autoimmune test portfolio. |
| Bio-Rad Laboratories | Hercules, USA | 3,000 | 8.1% | Global (NA, EU, APAC) | Introduced AI-driven antibody quantification software; expanded production in Singapore. |
| Promega Corporation | Madison, USA | 850 | 7.8% | North America, Europe, Japan | Developed luciferase-based antibody assay; increased US production capacity by 30%. |
| Bio-Techne (R&D Systems) | Minneapolis, USA | 1,250 | 9.0% | North America, Europe, Asia | Acquired Lunaphore Technologies; launched multiplex AI-based immunoassay platform. |
| Abcam | Cambridge, UK | 500 | 10.5% | Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific | Expanded recombinant antibody manufacturing in China; introduced AI-based validation tools. |
| Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) | Franklin Lakes, USA | 4,750 | 8.6% | Global (NA, EU, APAC, LATAM) | Upgraded FACSLyric™ platform; invested USD 200M in immunoassay automation and robotics. |
| Abbott Laboratories | Illinois, USA | 43,000 (Diagnostics Div.) | 9.1% | Global (NA, EU, APAC, LATAM) | Leader in antibody testing with ARCHITECT & Alinity systems; invested USD 600M in production expansion. |
| Zeus Scientific | Branchburg, USA | 150 | 6.9% | North America, Europe | Launched ZEUS ELITE™ Analyzer; expanded autoimmune test distribution in Latin America. |
| Thermo Fisher Scientific | Waltham, USA | 47,000 | 8.8% | Global (NA, EU, APAC) | Introduced Invitrogen™ Multiplex Immunoassay; invested USD 500M in global expansion. |
| DiaSorin S.p.A. | Saluggia, Italy | 1,400 | 7.5% | Europe, North America, Latin America | Launched LIAISON® XL Next-Gen system; expanded partnerships with WHO and EU hospitals. |
| Agilent Technologies | Santa Clara, USA | 2,300 (Dx Segment) | 7.7% | North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific | Released SureScan™ Digital Immunoassay; enhanced data traceability and biosensor platforms. |
| Werfen (Biokit) | Barcelona, Spain | 650 | 6.5% | Europe, Latin America, Asia | Expanded Biokit operations to India & Mexico; launched compact cloud-enabled immunoanalyzer. |
| F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. | Basel, Switzerland | 67,000 (Diagnostics) | 8.2% | Global (EU, NA, APAC, MEA) | Launched cobas® 8800 NextGen; invested USD 1.2B in AI-driven antibody testing R&D. |
High-End & Specialty Antibody Testing Manufacturers
The high-end and specialty antibody testing market segment in 2025 represents the premium tier of the global diagnostics industry — focusing on advanced automation, multiplexed immunoassays, and specialty antibody reagents designed for clinical precision, infectious disease detection, and biopharmaceutical research. These manufacturers contribute approximately 22% of global antibody testing market revenue, combining innovation with specialized domain expertise to serve hospitals, reference laboratories, and pharmaceutical partners.
DiaSorin S.p.A. (Italy)
DiaSorin remains one of Europe’s leading specialty manufacturers, known for its LIAISON® XL and LIAISON® XS platforms that deliver high-sensitivity infectious disease antibody testing. In 2025, the company recorded an estimated USD 1.4 billion in revenue with a CAGR of 7.5%. Its product portfolio covers hepatitis, HIV, and autoimmune antibody assays. DiaSorin’s continued investment in multi-pathogen panels and next-generation immunodiagnostics strengthens its presence in hospital and clinical laboratories across Europe, the U.S., and Latin America.
Agilent Technologies (U.S.)
Agilent, with a USD 2.3 billion diagnostics segment revenue and 7.7% CAGR, focuses on digital immunohistochemistry (IHC), biosensor-based antibody detection, and AI-integrated quantification systems. Its SureScan™ Digital Immunoassay platform, launched in 2025, enhances precision in antibody affinity mapping for oncology and immunology research. Agilent’s strong presence in North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific positions it as a cross-disciplinary leader in diagnostic innovation.
Werfen (Biokit, Spain)
Werfen specializes in hospital-based immunoassay automation, providing customized antibody and coagulation diagnostic solutions. With USD 650 million in 2025 revenue and 6.5% CAGR, Werfen’s Biokit Division supplies immunoassay instruments and reagents across Europe, Latin America, and Asia. The firm’s 2025 expansion into India and Mexico reflects its strategy to meet rising demand for cost-effective, high-throughput antibody testing in emerging markets.
- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (Switzerland)
Roche continues to dominate the high-end segment through its cobas® series of automated immunoassay analyzers. The diagnostics division generated approximately USD 67 billion in 2025, growing at a CAGR of 8.2%. Roche’s focus lies in AI-powered immunodiagnostic platforms capable of processing over 1,000 antibody tests per hour. Its 2025 launch of the cobas® 8800 NextGen System further strengthens its lead in hospital and reference laboratory testing.
Opportunities for Startups & Emerging Players
The antibody testing industry in 2025 presents a dynamic landscape of opportunities for startups and emerging diagnostics innovators. While global leaders such as Abbott, Thermo Fisher, and Roche dominate high-volume testing, smaller players are rapidly carving niches through AI-enabled assay development, contract manufacturing, and specialized antibody engineering services. The sector’s transformation toward automation, digital health, and precision diagnostics has created a fertile ground for innovation-driven entrants.
- AI-Driven Immunodiagnostics and Data Analytics
Startups focusing on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms for antibody assay design and interpretation are attracting strong investor interest. AI-driven platforms can reduce false results by up to 25% and shorten validation time by 20–30%, enhancing test accuracy and speed. In 2025, venture funding in AI-based diagnostics exceeded USD 750 million, with emerging players such as BenchSci, PathAI, and DeepBio leading early-stage development.
- Contract Manufacturing and Private Labeling
With global manufacturers facing rising production costs, opportunities for Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations (CDMOs) are expanding. The global antibody testing CDMO segment was valued at USD 2.3 billion in 2025, growing at an 11.2% CAGR. Startups in India, China, and Eastern Europe are leveraging cost-effective production and flexible OEM partnerships with multinational diagnostic brands to serve regional markets.
- Point-of-Care (POC) and Home Testing Solutions
Decentralized testing remains a key growth frontier. Portable, smartphone-connected antibody testing devices are expected to grow at a 13% CAGR through 2033, enabling rapid immune screening outside traditional lab settings. Startups developing microfluidic test kits and digital result dashboards can capitalize on this demand for convenience and accessibility, especially in rural healthcare networks.
- Specialized Antibody Customization and Recombinant Technologies
The demand for custom antibodies for R&D and biopharmaceutical applications is expanding, with startups offering antibody sequencing, recombinant production, and biosimilar tracking solutions. This niche segment is forecast to grow at 11% CAGR during 2025–2033, supported by biopharma outsourcing trends.
- Sustainable Diagnostic Manufacturing
Eco-friendly diagnostic innovations are gaining traction as healthcare providers prioritize sustainability. Biodegradable reagents and recyclable testing components can reduce laboratory waste by up to 25%, aligning with global ESG targets.
Overall, startups that combine digital innovation, cost efficiency, and specialization are well-positioned to thrive. In 2025, emerging antibody testing companies are not merely competing with incumbents — they are reshaping the future of diagnostics through agility, technology, and targeted value creation.
Conclusion
The Global Antibody Testing Market in 2025 stands at the intersection of biotechnology innovation, digital transformation, and global healthcare advancement. Valued at USD 9.41 billion, the market continues to expand steadily and is projected to reach USD 15.97 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 6.83%. This growth reflects the ongoing need for accurate, high-throughput diagnostic tools that can address the rising global burden of infectious and autoimmune diseases while supporting vaccine development and therapeutic monitoring.
Market leaders such as Abbott Laboratories, Thermo Fisher Scientific, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, and Bio-Rad Laboratories continue to set technological benchmarks through automation, multiplex testing, and artificial intelligence–integrated immunoassays. At the same time, emerging and mid-tier players including BioLegend, Promega, Abcam, and Werfen are advancing specialized assays and regional innovations that complement global supply chains. This competitive diversity has enhanced market resilience, enabling faster test availability, improved accuracy, and wider clinical accessibility.
Regionally, North America and Europe dominate the antibody testing landscape, together accounting for around 70% of global revenue, driven by strong regulatory infrastructure and advanced laboratory networks. Meanwhile, Asia-Pacific continues to lead in growth, with a CAGR exceeding 10%, supported by large-scale healthcare digitization, government-backed R&D programs, and rapid biopharma expansion across China, India, and Japan.
Technological evolution remains the market’s defining catalyst. The integration of AI-based antibody analysis, automated diagnostic systems, and microfluidic point-of-care platforms has accelerated test turnaround times and enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Simultaneously, custom antibody development and recombinant technologies are reshaping the research segment, creating new commercial opportunities across biopharmaceutical and academic institutions.
Looking ahead, the antibody testing industry will continue to evolve toward precision diagnostics, data-driven disease monitoring, and global accessibility. Strategic investments in automation, sustainable manufacturing, and decentralized testing will further expand the market’s reach.
FAQs: Global Antibody Testing Companies
Q1. What is the size of the global antibody testing market in 2025?
The global antibody testing market is estimated at USD 9.41 billion in 2025, rising from USD 8.81 billion in 2024, and is expected to reach USD 15.97 billion by 2033. The market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.83% from 2025 to 2033, driven by increased diagnostic testing and immunology research worldwide.
Q2. Which are the leading companies in the antibody testing market?
Key market leaders in 2025 include Abbott Laboratories, Thermo Fisher Scientific, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., and Bio-Rad Laboratories. These companies dominate due to their extensive product portfolios, global distribution, and automation capabilities. Other significant players include Bio-Techne (R&D Systems), Agilent Technologies, DiaSorin, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Abcam, and Werfen (Biokit).
Q3. What are the main growth drivers for the antibody testing industry?
Major growth factors include the increasing prevalence of infectious and autoimmune diseases, ongoing vaccine development, and expanding biopharmaceutical R&D investments. Additionally, AI integration, automation, and digital connectivity in laboratories are improving test throughput and accuracy by nearly 30% compared to traditional methods.
Q4. Which regions dominate the global antibody testing market?
In 2025, North America leads with a 38% market share, followed by Europe (31%), and Asia-Pacific (22%). North America’s leadership is attributed to advanced diagnostic infrastructure and regulatory support, while Asia-Pacific exhibits the fastest growth (CAGR of 10.4%) due to rising healthcare investments in China, India, and Japan.
Q5. What is the role of AI and automation in antibody testing?
Artificial intelligence and robotic automation are transforming assay development and result analysis. AI tools help reduce false positives by up to 25%, shorten R&D timelines by 20–30%, and enhance test reproducibility, making antibody testing faster, more accurate, and scalable.
Q6. What opportunities exist for startups and new entrants?
Emerging players have strong potential in AI-based diagnostics, custom antibody development, contract manufacturing, and point-of-care (POC) antibody devices. The global market for antibody testing startups attracted over USD 750 million in venture funding in 2024–2025, highlighting investor confidence in innovation-driven growth.
Q7. What is the future outlook for the antibody testing market?
The market is projected to surpass USD 15.97 billion by 2033, with continued expansion across clinical diagnostics, biopharma testing, and personalized medicine. The next decade will see broader adoption of multiplex immunoassays, recombinant antibody platforms, and cloud-connected diagnostic systems, positioning antibody testing as a cornerstone of modern healthcare and biomedical innovation.